Generate IOTA address

IOTA

 Posted on December 28, 2020  |  6 minutes  |  1074 words  |  

Generate IOTA address using plain old Python, starting with random seed, derive private key, and finally the checksum and address.

/img/iota.png

Overview 

  # 1. seed
  seed = "WAJUKTNZYVICHWIYWPZILAQYNEGZVHIJZNVWQAFYJPIJHBRAXWHIJZ9MUGV9PGRAIYRVOLK9HNJNDZOZF"
  print('seed: ' + str(seed))
  index = 2
  print('index: ' + str(index))

  # 2. subseed
  subseed_trits = add(seed, index)
  subseed_trits = sponge(subseed_trits)
  subseed = trits_to_chars(subseed_trits)
  print('subseed: ' + str(subseed))
  security_level = 2
  print('security level: ' + str(security_level))

  # 3. private key
  h = absorb(subseed_trits)
  key_trits = squeeze(h, security_level * ROUNDS * HASH_LENGTH)
  key = trits_to_chars(key_trits)
  print('key: ' + str(key))

  # 4. key digests
  digests_trits = [0] * HASH_LENGTH * security_level
  for s in range(security_level):
    fragment_start = s * KEY_LENGTH
    fragment_end = fragment_start + KEY_LENGTH
    fragment_trits = key_trits[fragment_start:fragment_end]
    digest_trits = [0] * HASH_LENGTH
    for r in range(ROUNDS):
      segment_start = r * HASH_LENGTH
      segment_end = segment_start + HASH_LENGTH
      segment_trits = fragment_trits[segment_start:segment_end]
      for _ in range(26):
        segment_trits = sponge(segment_trits)
      digest_trits[segment_start:segment_end] = segment_trits
    digest_start = s * HASH_LENGTH
    digest_end = digest_start + HASH_LENGTH
    digests_trits[digest_start:digest_end] = sponge(digest_trits)

  # 5. address
  address_trits = sponge(digests_trits)
  address = trits_to_chars(address_trits)
  print('address: ' + str(address))

  # 6. checksum
  checksum_trits = sponge(address_trits)
  checksum = trits_to_chars(checksum_trits)[-9:]
  print('checksum: ' + str(checksum))
  print('address w/ checksum: ' + str(address) + str(checksum))
seed: WAJUKTNZYVICHWIYWPZILAQYNEGZVHIJZNVWQAFYJPIJHBRAXWHIJZ9MUGV9PGRAIYRVOLK9HNJNDZOZF
index: 2
subseed: FMUBHQYMQXAHHKCFIYAYJ9PANABKIF99KVBLXPOF9LISRDRUPUHCVXPN9IUTIDOOFDLLXMQIUEC9QQRPD
security level: 2
key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
address: WW9LNIITMTMNFTASZANAKAYUFBYGY9QQAGBHZSJNCFCOHIPJZ9OTTTYMCSCMODITOIZRSRKDGWYUSLADB
checksum: IQF9BMGED
address w/ checksum: WW9LNIITMTMNFTASZANAKAYUFBYGY9QQAGBHZSJNCFCOHIPJZ9OTTTYMCSCMODITOIZRSRKDGWYUSLADBIQF9BMGED

Step-by-step implementation

1. Seed generation

Generate seed using Linux kernel's pseudo random implementation:

  cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc A-Z9 | head -c${1:-81}
WAJUKTNZYVICHWIYWPZILAQYNEGZVHIJZNVWQAFYJPIJHBRAXWHIJZ9MUGV9PGRAIYRVOLK9HNJNDZOZF

  # 1. seed
  seed = "WAJUKTNZYVICHWIYWPZILAQYNEGZVHIJZNVWQAFYJPIJHBRAXWHIJZ9MUGV9PGRAIYRVOLK9HNJNDZOZF"
  print('seed: ' + str(seed))
  index = 2
  print('index: ' + str(index))
seed: WAJUKTNZYVICHWIYWPZILAQYNEGZVHIJZNVWQAFYJPIJHBRAXWHIJZ9MUGV9PGRAIYRVOLK9HNJNDZOZF
index: 2

2. Sub-seeds

Before going further I have to mention that IOTA uses ternary (trinary) system, please see the blog post for detailed explanations.

Now, back to business at hand, add index (integer between 0 and 3^36, maximum 12 trytes) to seed, hash it once and generate the sub-seed.

  subseed_trits = add(seed, index)
  subseed_trits = sponge(subseed_trits)
  subseed = trits_to_chars(subseed_trits)
  print('subseed: ' + str(subseed))
  security_level = 2
  print('security level: ' + str(security_level))
subseed: FMUBHQYMQXAHHKCFIYAYJ9PANABKIF99KVBLXPOF9LISRDRUPUHCVXPN9IUTIDOOFDLLXMQIUEC9QQRPD
security level: 2

3. Private key

Absorb subseed's trits into the sponge function then spit out the private key of length proportional with the security level.

  h = absorb(subseed_trits)
  key_trits = squeeze(h, security_level * ROUNDS * HASH_LENGTH)
  key = trits_to_chars(key_trits)
  print('key: ' + str(key))
  print('key size: ' + str(len(key)))
key: NJSZAS9OVYDH9TENVHYH9UAXIO9LONDKCKMRORRCZR9ASOZEZ9CBJWHQTHOTGTFIGOHYABNLAJBKNFILZMNZNDUYZRZYXKMNBAQQLCXNNDNQPB9KMJSAJVODBFUMGOIYYMOYAQKUGT9BVJYRXDHLRSSVSTSD9LQYOYTJACRFFATOYYWAPYXRHIZSPPGYZRPVZYESEFCJJ9XZF9GRTRBJYPNSEIFUHHCJPYUWMZSOEHKRFDRUVO9IOXOZYCQVMSKWYSHUIFGKKDUSUEMBNJM9JFENONUOMSOLFDSKETFFG9YCGYXNBGHDMBB9TAMINN9BKDWZJKSLJVAQBWBWBVZXRGKAQ9IUNBUBWJOTLSEIGBREHADBDKUSNWEWOYJCSSNSAIYHSYEMVHMPIQOUZWVKWHCIQORKEYZJPKHGRSUBNHYSLTRMFJQIEOJNPWKSLNMYPWVUYYGXCKUSDRYFHXPXFUNTFBTCZTUYLHZBHAQVOGXFHDLUSIZAECPYIAYKKKAPYKJDCGTMCPUUUSPQE9YAQQIVWJ9C9DKKDC9SIPVSZUVXWXAVVQDLWB9RZSK9VTDZN9L9XNQJGX9RQQTNUIYXSBMUOG9CLKVRMQUCNQPZENY9FETBWHYGYJVCFFG9KGBPWPBOATVWX9HCPSXITXRRXKCTTOFIJTUZO9VNFXMHYZGZWQNTSWUSVNTMBFDBWQXX9RXGJ9UGTJFWNKURVMLUBML9XULULMCRHFCEIPFTSJRINKEWX9IPRRYCULQBUCAQGKWYHGFCEQDCDUURIXKLEQQPYUEFNQANAAPLGRVINXCWTPZCNPEZHKAPN9IMBZVNDRXGFWSZDNQKWOKVKEVATIRQDJHRGSKQJLECLOPEBYTURJXJ9PCQRZONPLWPUXEQIMDLP9XR9ZDVMVJGVMKJLNJQAGYTDEW9HINPCTUIHXN9UWHBYVXTMBHBAUMXYYQIJYYGXYRAAGMYBKRKKQZGDYYINTZJ9ICQOKHO9QWQUQGJFVZTGPE9ULMJEDPNDOCCWGUBRVXMMFZOSAHJWBIL9PTCQGAWBXYODYLQGNWUCCJMCEAWS9VKDGXUCTHNIEN9FQOXOYGWZJCHAHV9DOAFDHUSZLEHRIVTGBHQAYTJMYFKICZZVWLCBNVTZNZCHESKAULZBSLAYOGITGCQUQWN9XVQ9EOQQFPTJGCKYZPCRTQSOGQRVSTMRUSASGNULXXOSECWAVFPTCTKIIZBTVDSBZFQWCJZUZWNNIVVIGJCIKLEUYJHYFEIWISLGOTVRWZZUAHHRXYZEJHRHKT9ZQHOZYOWUWAXT9FSKCFZXMLVFTDKPTOYRWJRNBUPMXBIPELIHGWD9SPNPWHHVQFJMQZEJUKFNZAPLTHLWEOAHKVWQFPFEUBTEZDTXUZCABJNL9WPMVZWVAESOQXSOLHDNSIPHRFWBFCKHVMAFPGKRFPMDZP9EAYSHWBPOZSDL9SNZAATWFGFRVBGP9YLCTUOWFLISVWMBMWZBXKHARPSYUWB9CXLC9IVKJCILKH9VIVKFIVURPDFEVXUAYMFOGUFJGVCCHYUYWPQAAFZQBFEEX9QUZJV9UNHZKGWKDNQXMVRPMLXTKO9KRJWWBLBSEJCMOQCE9S9CKHUHAPPYLCORZHUVSWSKRPENVMUQUXFWVOYYXXJTRLLRGJBNWHOCOIKOUXKKRS9DQUHWZLWRPHJWZIBJADBHESLPO9AIZGN9YHXWALXSONKJCPIHKPOO9MRXKSSDFPTWUTJCCMUQJXAUFMQMNJKSRSU9V9RWDSDETDDTQHPXHKUMBVWGFMYOKOSHYSTGIHRPYIGSCSCYONKZQYEYPQC9KKQSOETGQPAQYBUGYCVKTUXULBI9YHZKKBM9PFMDRMVWWAVOQPFQNJFMSZDKEOIWIQVZCNFYMZRJXMSYRBRZWYOQSNJKAACMNOU9DWRACECPGGNTCNEVXYSXKYSGQPUXLQFXBZEAVX9EQZYE9TULQIZTABLNTD9MYREQQJUI9IKTIIDIKJMDTFGKFVQBIEW9YNRBNZNHRF9AHTVDQQKYFTUFIPQMHWDASMOFOGLSBKZH9TSQPUVTVX9XHEFNFWQXXUUKGJGRRIKXDJLKXPTHQZ9NVYNFSYMWGQLDWTEH9BUSZAINWXAFLFERPAKSACTXBCOARFBWXDTWNX9LLHUKUVARCXZYEDSPCXSLDZCD9TBMQTTUMYDWPRLWX9FGELJIUPSQCFJYSIBWMNUJVBRNYXQFUGSVQOIBRGHUXXA9UTWOUI9RPRKTQDV9DDVLGZRRTIETNHJGBDKARSAHJIEDUJTNSLQPBZFZXJLDROMAXNUKUDDCS9ZLEAHDRGSCYCNANSHKEITQS9RPVTHAGHMIJUKSZWIU9QUODGPAVAVZJXGYRUTUJAYRSWVALHBGF9MENPAEYCJYMQCW9PNSARLYMRQ9V9LXMZELTXLYJJESUCSDY9TXACONQSSLWDHAKLWQQPZS9AKF9EXFDOKDBROWHKIDQCWGSYTCZBG9FYYGAQUBCVPTANNGMTXBZOTHXHVTLQZWE9JQQDDYQGPCQHSTIZDLKKTAHABTJDBHFIYZCRU9TCCWCZAREDVJJBZZPPQAHA9ROOMKGYCKLIXLRTIWXDQELJABGCYBIDJDCGLCHLRUEFUXVUPXPYUF9V9UFZGEITEDEAEGPWHQENDWGPANUH9TOQZZVKRNMBGUOUSHGMZGDUVSPE9XSUNUSNZLTERHHJSXJQPMDFVQCRZHCDDRZ9PXZNOUZUTK9ZHHGTLRGTHWWBDYHWYSIDL9CVWRFMS9OOGJPHK9JFRXIJSOXAZKXSBOSXGXQFEPSZKLKDO9ZDJGORNWRUTRN9IGUMHDDNSUXKDU9VDOAFAHEQXQFAYKFDGBQGTFHBSAZIVXVATTHBFK9NYQOGMTXLBNEXXEXARXAIOG9GLKLQEADWLJ9EXMJWAIBNYQQBRSBTSLJWJRIW9ZOPAOWA9OJXCK9GRKFXIJAYBH9GJDFBOYZMIAKVSYTOLYEOY9HIEYSGPSJTMLEMWYSJEMPLCBMUSKXBEVAKMFUXIYRMYCFMOBFO9CFBGBEIVNX9EDOZPPOTKXDUJUJIRPJSUGKZDRLWHGLM9TVVBNKKMWO9HPPXXUFCXUYPGFSVRMVXAHE9KWCECPBQZTQA9AIBFMPDTKUKSINQFCEFWPHQYWJWMIGISCN9EXFHGHLIKYOWOMSIQLVWYGBJTTYPIUYPKYKPPHPNPUFAWAVMXHERYSESFODIEBYYDCDYWCRVJESX9PYHCFHIPHMDETKVFZUTFIDQHRFOTUANQO9SXOSSTVBQSUD9LAKVOQYEJJJGSWM9EOISXWWQPGP9JIWVQSKSFFFZMLSFSOWZWVNQVMW9CBJDRRLISA9FNVSVZXXXAPGQQZY9AIBWJXIPKATTMRBZFXHJBRSMGKSEWTPZQYOTNFCKHFVENVR9MMYIVP9PELVAMHLOPVPFIPJSIVNKXODBWEYRQORPEKVNQFP9MGIOFGIKRNPYEGTHTFASZDBKOPFYGP9ZTCBJNLG9FGPTWZXRZSFL9GHNQZ9NGNDYCZHANBXPGATEUNTTPTPDZWVUWKEOHJZNHYWGUFTQSKTOHXUJINNDUMFLBZRJQKQOVR9UTGSXE9CSYYZSFAYUW9YNMREMKFKMISTSWLDY9XNPJLGUFFTDJLOMGNZWXGNHGECMDUNCOGPBGRO9GKTWHIMQUMGQTIRT9LCAPIARMFKCGOFI9HBWRNHURHOTULHAMBMWRJDWWQ9FWWIVDZLRGCTVTRTNLPKGVKTPJDL9WTZDHPRICZTX9RBCHZOQCBZFVRXIPGPYPSLHYQLDXOSPCMMVXQMDZSVDNWZAMTFBNQDGPKOBLEAQSEDLQWQYHX9JZTQNCDZODHVYNDNAPRZUQHKRPEDJP9RAIGRCQTXFT9KRBLAGNEPFVWEJNRHK9PLII9CFSMNYHSHXEHMTXPJYGDNRTQDTYK9BBPQZPVXRZO9UDMJQCVDOADJCUQ9JSZAWRTXMOZYBSHBHUEUPWPYXWUCJR9YTUZVZQYBGLNWIADH9UKOXKULKAFWHLPJFKCMKHVDTOVDUFNCQPLLKC9FSATDZYZDDRKGRUTSNXSABNXDFN9BTGPWGQXUBCKLAH9SHOHECKQMODTEK9PUVIQJYTMDXVIRLRUDXETHDCDBWVK9WJCGYVDSBKVGTQYYMFNWLZIEJYTFZBIKI9KHTAWXXTIF9PCEKVXTCOSMAPUBIQOTUERGRZBZTFGLOLXFL9PKXJOGHQXAVRDC9MLMNDJVMMZDYIB9HIGCQGWRRN9TERYUMYEKOBVGI9BWOZEVNQZCBXULSZZPHZYRQNJUDFOIMRFQRKBLDHWSNDJWQNUAIRNX
key size: 4374

4. Key digests

Maybe this looks a bit daunting at first but the logic is not that complicated:

  • for each security level we have a fragment (input trits)
  • each fragment is split into 27 (ROUNDS) segments
  • each segment gets hashed 26 times
  • all pieces (output hashes) are collected into final digest array
  digests_trits = [0] * HASH_LENGTH * security_level
  for s in range(security_level):
    fragment_start = s * KEY_LENGTH
    fragment_end = fragment_start + KEY_LENGTH
    fragment_trits = key_trits[fragment_start:fragment_end]
    digest_trits = [0] * HASH_LENGTH
    for r in range(ROUNDS):
      segment_start = r * HASH_LENGTH
      segment_end = segment_start + HASH_LENGTH
      segment_trits = fragment_trits[segment_start:segment_end]
      for _ in range(26):
        segment_trits = sponge(segment_trits)
      digest_trits[segment_start:segment_end] = segment_trits
    digest_start = s * HASH_LENGTH
    digest_end = digest_start + HASH_LENGTH
    digests_trits[digest_start:digest_end] = sponge(digest_trits)
  print('digest size: ' + str(len(digest_trits)))
digest size: 6561

5. Address

And finally, hash the digest one more time to get the naked address.

  address_trits = sponge(digests_trits)
  address = trits_to_chars(address_trits)
  print('address: ' + str(address))
address: WW9LNIITMTMNFTASZANAKAYUFBYGY9QQAGBHZSJNCFCOHIPJZ9OTTTYMCSCMODITOIZRSRKDGWYUSLADB

6. Checksum

Calculate the checksum (hash the address and take last 9 chars) and append it to address to get the IOTA address.

  checksum_trits = sponge(address_trits)
  checksum = trits_to_chars(checksum_trits)[-9:]
  print('checksum: ' + str(checksum))
  print('address w/ checksum: ' + str(address) + str(checksum))
checksum: IQF9BMGED
address w/ checksum: WW9LNIITMTMNFTASZANAKAYUFBYGY9QQAGBHZSJNCFCOHIPJZ9OTTTYMCSCMODITOIZRSRKDGWYUSLADBIQF9BMGED

And this is all folks, you can double check the address with Iota Wallet.

Constants

Couple of constants to keep the code DRY:

  alphabet = '9ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' # defined in spec
  ROUNDS = 27
  HASH_LENGTH_IN_BITS = 384 # keccak hash - 384 bits
  HASH_LENGTH = ceil(HASH_LENGTH_IN_BITS * log(2) / log(3)) # 243 trits
  SEED_SIZE = ceil(HASH_LENGTH / 3) # 81 trytes
  KEY_SIZE = SEED_SIZE * ROUNDS # 2187 trytes
  KEY_LENGTH = KEY_SIZE * 3 # 6561 trits

Functions

Sponge function

Recursive implementation of a Sponge function, a cryptographic primitive that takes a variable-length input and returns a variable-length output.

  def swap_sign(byte: int):
    if byte < 0:
      return byte + 256
    elif byte > 127:
      return byte - 256
    return byte
  def absorb(trits, offset=0):
     h = keccak_384()
     length = len(trits)
     while offset < length:
       stop = min(offset + HASH_LENGTH, length)
       if stop - offset == HASH_LENGTH:
         trits[stop - 1] = 0
       signed_bytes = trits_to_bytes(trits[offset:stop])
       unsigned_bytes = [swap_sign(b) for b in signed_bytes]
       h.update(bytearray(unsigned_bytes))
       offset += HASH_LENGTH
     return h
  def squeeze(h, size=HASH_LENGTH):
     unsigned_hash = h.digest()
     signed_hash = [swap_sign(b) for b in unsigned_hash]
     trits = bytes_to_trits(signed_hash)
     trits[HASH_LENGTH - 1] = 0
     if size > HASH_LENGTH:
       flipped_bytes = [swap_sign(~b) for b in unsigned_hash]
       k = keccak_384()
       k.update(bytearray(flipped_bytes))
       return trits + squeeze(k, size - HASH_LENGTH)
     else:
       return trits
  def sponge(trits):
     h = absorb(trits)
     return squeeze(h)
Util functions

Simple functions to convert back and forth between trits, trytes and, chars.

  from math import log, ceil
  from sha3 import keccak_384

  # to/from bytes
  from iota.crypto.kerl import conv
  def trits_to_bytes(ts):
      return conv.convertToBytes(ts)
  def bytes_to_trits(bs):
      return conv.convertToTrits(bs)

  # to/from decimal
  def trits_to_dec(trits):
    return sum([3**i * t for i, t in enumerate(trits)])
  def dec_to_trits(q, pad=True):
    if q == 0:
      trits = []
    else:
      q, r = divmod(q, 3)
      if r == 2:
        q += 1
        r = -1
      trits = [r] + dec_to_trits(q, pad=False)
    if pad:
      trits += [0] * (3 - len(trits))
    return trits

  # to/from trytes
  def trits_to_trytes(trits):
    return [trits[i:i+3] for i in range(0, len(trits), 3)]
  def trytes_to_trits(trytes):
    return [trit for tryte in trytes for trit in tryte]

  # to/from ascii
  def tryte_to_char(tryte):
    return alphabet[tryte_to_dec(*tryte)]
  def chars_to_trits(seed):
    ts = [dec_to_trits(alphabet.index(t) if alphabet.index(t) <= 13 else alphabet.index(t)-27) for t in seed]
    return trytes_to_trits(ts)
  def trits_to_chars(trits):
    return ''.join([ tryte_to_char(t) for t in trits_to_trytes(trits)])
  def chars_to_dec(seed):
    return trits_to_dec(chars_to_trits(seed))
  def dec_to_chars(n):
    return trits_to_chars(dec_to_trits(n))

  # add index to seed
  def add(seed, index):
      t = chars_to_dec(seed) + index
      # return dec_to_chars(t)
      return dec_to_trits(t)

Note

If you are getting AttributeError: module 'sha3' has no attribute 'keccak_384 error message, it is because you already have standard sha3 installed which has to be uninstalled and install pysha3 lib instead. You know the drill:

  pip install pysha3

You also need conv package from pyota library, implementation to convert trits to/from bytes is a bit more complex due to endianness / signed bytes encoding and will make the blog post too long and hey, it's holiday time.

  pip install pyota
iota  address  generation  crypto  python